William J Dominik

This book is the first companion volume to be published on Statius. It provides a comprehensive overview of recent approaches to Statius, discusses the fundmental issues and themes of his poetry, and suggests new fruitful areas for research. All of his works are considered: the Thebaid, his longest extant epic; the Achilleid, his unfinished epic; and the Silvae, his collect short poetry. Particular themes explored include the social, cultural and political issues surrounding his poetry; his controversial aesthetic; the influence of his predecessors upon his poetry; and the scholarly and literary reception of his poetry in subsequent ages to the present.

Chapters by F. Ahl (Cornell), R. Ash (Oxford), A. Augoustakis (Illinois, Urbana-Champaign), V. Berlincourt (Geneva), N. Bernstein (Ohio), S. Braund (British Columbia), P. Chaudhuri (Dartmouth), C. Chinn (Pomona), N. Coffee (Buffalo, New York),  C. Criado (Santiago di Compostela), P. Davis (Adelaide), J. Dietrich (Australian National), W. Dominik (Otago), R. Edwards (Pennsylvania State), R. Ganiban (Middlebury), K. Gervais (Otago), B. Gibson (Liverpool), P. Heslin (Durham), H. Kaufmann (Oxford), H. Lovatt (Nottingham), New York), A. Marinis (Patra), D. Mengelkoch (Lake Forest), C. McNelis (Georgetown), L. Micozzi (Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa), S. Myers (Virginia), C. Newlands (Colorado), V. Pagán (Florida), R. Parkes (Oxford) F. Ripoll (Toulouse II), P. Roche (Sydney), L. Roman (Memorial), G. Rosati (Udine), M. Rühl (Wuppertal).

This is the first fully lemmatised concordance to be published of Petronius’ Satyricon. In this concordance citations for each lemma are separated into blocks for Classical prose, Vulgar Latin and poetry so that word usage can be examined separately for each of these registers. In addition, frequency counts of the number of occurrences in each register are presented along with the lemma so that contrasts in frequency and usage can be explored at the same time.

This book offers a detailed overview of the influence, theory and application of Roman rhetoric with a wealth of individual analyses of the role played by rhetoric in Roman culture. It utilises a wide variety of critical approaches and methodologies to present a contemporary critical, cultural and literary context for the study of Roman rhetoric. The book’s emphasis is upon rhetoric’s theory and practice within a broad variety of social, political and literary contexts. While this volume covers the major aspects of Roman rhetoric, fresh treatment is given to Roman authors and works that have emerged as key figures and texts in the past two generations of critical inquiry. Background material orients the reader and provides the contextual basis for the innovative, critical work that occurs in the rest of the work, which includes perspectives on rhetoric and society such as the link between rhetoric and social power, the relationship between rhetoric and gender, and alternative approaches to rhetoric.

Chapters by M. Alexander (Illinois, Chicago), G. Anderson (Kent), V. Arena (London), U. Auhagen (Freiburg), J. Barsby (Otago), M. Bloomer (Notre Dame), J. Connolly (Stanford), A. Corbeill (Kansas), C. Craig (Tennessee), C. Damon (Amherst), W. Dominik (Otago), J. Dugan (Buffalo, New York), J. Fernández, La Rioja), M. Fox (Birmingham), R. Gaines (Maryland, College Park), J. Hall (Otago), D. Hooley (Missouri, Columbia), R. Kirchner (Jena), J. May (St Olaf), C. McNelis (Georgetown), E. Narducci (Florence), E. Rabbie (Constantijn Huygens Institut), J. Ramsey (Illinois, Chicago), R. Rees (Glasgow), S. Rutledge (Maryland, College Park), E. Sciarrino (Canterbury), J. Small (Rutgers), C. Steel (Glasgow), S. Stroup (Washington), J. Ward (Sydney), M. Wilson (Auckland).

This book argues that Roman literature is inherently political in the varied contexts of its production and the abiding concerns of its subject matter. This volume examines the strategies and techniques of political writing at Rome in a broad range of literature spanning almost two centuries, differing political systems, climates, and contexts. It applies a definition of politics that is more in keeping with modern critical approaches than has often been the case in studies of the political literature of classical antiquity. By applying a wide variety of critically informed viewpoints, this volume offers the reader not only a long view of the abiding techniques, strategies, and concerns of political expression at Rome but also many new perspectives on individual authors of the early empire and their republican precursors.

Chapters by R. Bond (Canterbury), W. Dominik (Otago), J. Garthwaite (Otago), J. Hall (Otago), V. Jennings (Adelaide), J. Ker (Pennsylvania), D. Konstan (Brown), M. Malamud (Buffalo, New York), B. Martin (Pretoria), S. Mason (California, Irvine), D. McGuire (Buffalo, New York), C. Newlands (Wisconsin, Madison), J. Penwill (La Trobe, Bendigo), P. Roche (New England), M. Roller (Johns Hopkins), S. Rutledge (Maryland, College Park), G. Williams (Columbia), M. Wilson (Auckland), M. Winkler (George Mason), A. Zissos (California, Irvine).

This book offers a detailed overview of the influence, theory and application of Roman rhetoric with a wealth of individual analyses of the role played by rhetoric in Roman culture. It utilises a wide variety of critical approaches and methodologies to present a contemporary critical, cultural and literary context for the study of Roman rhetoric. The book’s emphasis is upon rhetoric’s theory and practice within a broad variety of social, political and literary contexts. While this volume covers the major aspects of Roman rhetoric, fresh treatment is given to Roman authors and works that have emerged as key figures and texts in the past two generations of critical inquiry. Background material orients the reader and provides the contextual basis for the innovative, critical work that occurs in the rest of the work, which includes perspectives on rhetoric and society such as the link between rhetoric and social power, the relationship between rhetoric and gender, and alternative approaches to rhetoric.

Chapters by M. Alexander (Illinois, Chicago), G. Anderson (Kent), V. Arena (London), U. Auhagen (Freiburg), J. Barsby (Otago), M. Bloomer (Notre Dame), J. Connolly (Stanford), A. Corbeill (Kansas), C. Craig (Tennessee), C. Damon (Amherst), W. Dominik (Otago), J. Dugan (Buffalo, New York), J. Fernández, La Rioja), M. Fox (Birmingham), R. Gaines (Maryland, College Park), J. Hall (Otago), D. Hooley (Missouri, Columbia), R. Kirchner (Jena), J. May (St Olaf), C. McNelis (Georgetown), E. Narducci (Florence), E. Rabbie (Constantijn Huygens Institut), J. Ramsey (Illinois, Chicago), R. Rees (Glasgow), S. Rutledge (Maryland, College Park), E. Sciarrino (Canterbury), J. Small (Rutgers), C. Steel (Glasgow), S. Stroup (Washington), J. Ward (Sydney), M. Wilson (Auckland).

This volume discusses the culture, art and literature of the Flavian world and constitutes a critical survey of the period, which underscores and re-evaluates its foundational importance. The studies attend to a diversity of topics, including the new political settlement, the role of the army, change and continuity in Rome’s social structures, cultural festivals, architecture, sculpture, religion, coinage, imperial discourse, epistemology and political control, rhetoric, philosophy, Greek intellectual life, drama, poetry, patronage, Flavian historians and amphitheatrical Rome.

Chapters by C. Ando (Southern California), M. Beard (Cambridge), A. Boyle (Southern California), J. Cody (Southern California), W. Dominik (Otago), R. Evans (Tasmania), H. Fearnley (Southern California), D. Fredrick (Arkansas), B. Gold (Hamilton), E. Gunderson (Ohio State), A. Hardie (Oxford), J. Henderson (Cambridge), D. Markus (Michigan), S. Mason (York, Canada), R. Mellor (California, Los Angeles), T. Murphy (California, Berkeley), C. Newlands (Wisconsin, Madison), J. Packer (Northwestern), J. Penwill (La Trobe), J. Pollini (Southern California), P. Sinclair (California, Irvine), J. Smith (San Diego State), P. Vasunia (Southern California), M. Wilson (Auckland), A. Zissos (Texas, Austin).

This volume explores selected topics on classical antiquity and tradition in the areas of Latin literature (classical, postclassical and medieval), Greek literature (classical and Hellenistic), art and history. The essays treat key texts and cultural phenomena from Homer to the fifth century AD. A wide variety of critical approaches are employed to challenge orthodoxies and to present fresh perspectives on the literature, art and history of classical antiquity. Newly emerging areas of inquiry are treated in addition to canonical texts and the views of both established international scholars and young voices in the discipline are represented. A recurrent motif of the volume emerges in the interpretive benefits of combining philological acumen with theoretical and intertextual considerations.

Chapters are by G. Arnott (Leeds), B. Baldwin (Calgary), A. Basson (Buffalo, New York), L. Cilliers (Orange Free State), K. Coleman (Harvard), P. Conradie (Stellenbosch), W. Dominik (Otago), R. Evans (South Africa), E. Fantham (Princeton), S. Farron (Witwatersrand), K. Galinsky (Texas), B. Gentili and Liana Lomiento (Urbino), D. Gerber (Western Ontario), A. Gosling (Natal), J. Hale (Kentucky), S. Harrison (Oxford), J. Hilton (Natal), D. Konstan (Brown), M. Lambert (Natal), B. Levick (Oxford), A. Mackay (Auckland), B. Martin (Pretoria), G. Maurach (Braunschweig), P. Murgatroyd (McMaster), I. Ronca (Pontificium Institutum Altioris Latinitatis), D. Saddington (Witwatersrand), H. Sivan (Kansas), P. Tennant (Natal), B. van Zyl Smit (Western Cape), R. Whitaker (Cape Town).

This is the first published concordance to the Anthologia Latina. Cited in P. Stotz (ed.), Handbuch zur lateinische Sprache des Mittelalters 5: Bibliographie, Quellenübersicht und Registerer (Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft 2.5.5. Munich: C. H. Beck 2004).

This is the first published concordance to the Anthologia Latina. Cited in P. Stotz (ed.), Handbuch zur lateinische Sprache des Mittelalters 5: Bibliographie, Quellenübersicht und Registerer (Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft 2.5.5. Munich: C. H. Beck 2004).

This book on Roman rhetoric examines its role in society and relationship to various literary genres. This volume not only examines the origins, development and theory of Roman rhetoric but also its practice, role and influence in antiquity. There are fourteen chapters, each focusing on particular aspects concerned with the function and exploitation of rhetoric. The introductory chapter deals with the development of Roman rhetoric from the beginning and outlines the contributions of each of the essays, while the subsequent chapters explore the function of rhetoric in Roman society, the transitions and tensions between various movements of rhetoric, between the adherents of different styles, and the relationship between rhetoric and various genres.

Chapters by S. Braund (London), G. Calboli (Bologna) and W. Dominik (Natal), R. Cape (Austin), C. Connors (Washington), W. Dominik (Natal), E. Fantham (Princeton), J. Farrell (Pennsylvania), S. Goldberg (California, Los Angeles), J. Hughes (Southwest Missouri State), J. Kirby (Purdue), N. O’Sullivan (Western Australia), A. Richlin (Southern California), M. Ronnick (Wayne State), P. Toohey (New England).

This is the only lemmatised concordance to have been published of Sidonius Apollinaris. Cited in P. Stotz (ed.), Handbuch zur lateinische Sprache des Mittelalters 5: Bibliographie, Quellenübersicht und Registerer (Handbuch der Altertumswissenschaft 2.5.5. Munich: C. H. Beck 2004).

This is the first critical study of Statius’ Thebaid to be published in monograph form in English in twenty years. It examines in detail the thematic design and intent of the Thebaid and considers the question of its contempor¬ary relevance. The book focuses exclusively on the central theme of power—how it is exercised on the supernatural and human levels and the consequences of its pursuit and abuse in terms of the human condition. An ensuing discussion explores the political undercurrents of the epic. This discussion is in four main parts: (1) Use and Abuse of Supernatural Power; (2) Pursuit and Abuse of Monarchal Power; (3) Conse¬quences of the Abuse of Power; and (4) Political Allusions to Contemporary Rome. The views expressed represent a fundamental departure from previous studies and constitute a critical reassessment of the Thebaid.

This is the only book-length study of the speeches in Statius’ Thebaid to be published. It examines in detail the background and formulation of the speeches, their role in the narrative and thematic design of the epic, and other matters pertaining to their form, function and meaning. The purpose of the study is to increase the understanding of Statius’ style of epic composition. In successive chapters these subjects are treated: an overview of the speeches; narrative strategy and the role of the speeches; rhetorical-type speeches; nonrhetorical-type speeches; the revelation of character in the speeches; elements of style in the speeches. The work shows that Statius adapts the conventions of rhetoric and skilfully uses its resources in the composition of his speeches, which serve ultimately to reveal the thoughts and feelings of the poet on the human condition.

This is the only book-length study of the speeches in Statius’ Thebaid to be published. It examines in detail the background and formulation of the speeches, their role in the narrative and thematic design of the epic, and other matters pertaining to their form, function and meaning. The purpose of the study is to increase the understanding of Statius’ style of epic composition. In successive chapters these subjects are treated: an overview of the speeches; narrative strategy and the role of the speeches; rhetorical-type speeches; nonrhetorical-type speeches; the revelation of character in the speeches; elements of style in the speeches. The work shows that Statius adapts the conventions of rhetoric and skilfully uses its resources in the composition of his speeches, which serve ultimately to reveal the thoughts and feelings of the poet on the human condition.

This monograph examines the prose and verse texts of Greek and Roman late antique writers and poets that feature Achilles either as a student or as a positive or negative model for students and kings with the aim of analysing how the figure of Achilles encourages writers and audiences to reflect upon ethical issues in such a way as to achieve their authors’ educational objectives. (I am responsible for 25 per cent of the monograph.)

This monograph examines the representation of Rome and Romanitas in Silius Italicus’ Punica from a political perspective and in the process re-evaluates an epic that has often been maligned by modern critics. The study includes critical discussions of some of the most important passages in the Punica, including the origins of the war, Hannibal’s successes in Italy, Rome at Cannae, Hannibal in Capua and at the Gates of Rome, the Roman military recovery, and the Roman road to victory at Zama.

This etymology-in-context textbook focuses on modern words, their ancient roots, and the ancient concepts that lie behind these words that aid in the understanding of their meanings. It is designed to make classical antiquity available and attractive to a non-specialist audience. Chapters 1–3 provides a general background to the system and rules of word-building. This book examines the influence of Latin and ancient Greek on the modern English language and explains how a knowledge of this influence can aid in the understanding of English. The rest of this textbook examines selected groups of words and concepts that have their origin in the ancient Greek and Roman worlds. Chapters 4–9 focus on the social, historical and political origins of these words and phrases and contextualises them in ancient Greek and Roman society.

Chapters by W. Dominik (Otago/Lisbon), J. Hilton (KwaZulu-Natal), A. Bevis (KwaZulu-Natal), A. Gosling (KwaZulu-Natal), S. Masters (Stellenbosch).

Intended as a companion for students and teachers using Words & Ideas (Wauconda: Bolchazy-Carducci 2012), this key provides answers to all the Exercises, Word Study and For Consideration questions. The key assists teachers and augments students’ understanding by suggesting a variety of possible answers. It is designed for autodidacts who wish to check the accuracy of their responses, teachers engaged in long-distance or web-based learning, and those who are schooling students at home.

This etymology-in-context textbook focuses on modern words, their ancient roots, and the ancient concepts that lie behind these words that aid in the understanding of their meanings. It is designed to make classical antiquity available and attractive to a non-specialist audience. Chapters 1–3 provides a general background to the system and rules of word-building. This book examines the influence of Latin and ancient Greek on the modern English language and explains how a knowledge of this influence can aid in the understanding of English. The rest of this textbook examines selected groups of words and concepts that have their origin in the ancient Greek and Roman worlds. Chapters 4–9 focus on the social, historical and political origins of these words and phrases and contextualises them in ancient Greek and Roman society.

Chapters by W. Dominik (Otago), J. Hilton (KwaZulu-Natal), A. Bevis (KwaZulu-Natal), A. Gosling (KwaZulu-Natal), S. Masters (Stellenbosch).

This anthology provides a representative selection in Latin and English of the verse satires of Lucilius, Horace, Persius, and Juvenal. The general background of Roman satire and the social context of the verse satires are outlined briefly in the Introduction and in the commentary accompanying the individual satires. The notes, which are keyed to the English translation, include the identification of personalities and locations, the explanation of the context of the individual satires and of literary, historical, mythological and philosophical allusions, and discussion of the untranslatable overtones of certain words and phrases.

This etymology-in-context textbook focuses on modern words, their ancient roots, and the ancient concepts that lie behind these words that aid in the understanding of their meanings. It is designed to make classical antiquity available and attractive to a non-specialist audience. Chapters 1–3 provides a general background to the system and rules of word-building. This book examines the influence of Latin and ancient Greek on the modern English language and explains how a knowledge of this influence can aid in the understanding of English. The rest of this textbook examines selected groups of words and concepts that have their origin in the ancient Greek and Roman worlds. Chapters 4–9 focus on the social, historical and political origins of these words and phrases and contextualises them in ancient Greek and Roman society.

Chapters by W. Dominik (Otago), J. Hilton (Kwa-Zulu-Natal), A. Bevis (Kwa-Zulu-Natal), A. Gosling (Kwa-Zulu-Natal), S. Masters (Stellenbosch).

Intended as a companion for students and teachers using Words & Ideas (Wauconda: Bolchazy-Carducci 2009), this key provides answers to all the Exercises, Word Study and For Consideration questions. The key assists teachers and augments students’ understanding by suggesting a variety of possible answers. It is designed for autodidacts who wish to check the accuracy of their responses, teachers engaged in long-distance or web-based learning, and those who are schooling students at home.

This etymology-in-context textbook focuses on modern words, their ancient roots, and the ancient concepts that lie behind these words that aid in the understanding of their meanings. It is designed to make classical antiquity available and attractive to a non-specialist audience. Chapters 1–3 provides a general background to the system and rules of word-building. This book examines the influence of Latin and ancient Greek on the modern English language and explains how a knowledge of this influence can aid in the understanding of English. The rest of this textbook examines selected groups of words and concepts that have their origin in the ancient Greek and Roman worlds. Chapters 4–9 focus on the social, historical and political origins of these words and phrases and contextualises them in ancient Greek and Roman society.

Chapters by W. Dominik (Otago), J. Hilton (KwaZulu-Natal), A. Bevis (KwaZulu-Natal), A. Gosling (KwaZulu-Natal), S. Masters (Stellenbosch).

This etymology-in-context textbook focuses on modern words, their ancient roots, and the ancient concepts that lie behind these words that aid in the understanding of their meanings. It is designed to make classical antiquity available and attractive to a non-specialist audience. Chapters 1–3 provides a general background to the system and rules of word-building. This book examines the influence of Latin and ancient Greek on the modern English language and explains how a knowledge of this influence can aid in the understanding of English. The rest of this textbook examines selected groups of words and concepts that have their origin in the ancient Greek and Roman worlds. Chapters 4–9 focus on the social, historical and political origins of these words and phrases and contextualises them in ancient Greek and Roman society.

Chapters by W. Dominik (Otago), J. Hilton (KwaZulu-Natal), A. Bevis (KwaZulu-Natal), A. Gosling (KwaZulu-Natal), S. Masters (Stellenboschl).

Intended as a companion for students and teachers using Words & Ideas (Wauconda: Bolchazy-Carducci 2006), this key provides answers to all the Exercises, Word Study and For Consideration questions. The key assists teachers and augments students’ understanding by suggesting a variety of possible answers. It is designed for autodidacts who wish to check the accuracy of their responses, teachers engaged in long-distance or web-based learning, and those who are schooling students at home.

This etymology-in-context textbook focuses on modern words, their ancient roots, and the ancient concepts that lie behind these words that aid in the understanding of their meanings. It is designed to make classical antiquity available and attractive to a non-specialist audience. Chapters 1–3 provides a general background to the system and rules of word-building. This book examines the influence of Latin and ancient Greek on the modern English language and explains how a knowledge of this influence can aid in the understanding of English. The rest of this textbook examines selected groups of words and concepts that have their origin in the ancient Greek and Roman worlds. Chapters 4–9 focus on the social, historical and political origins of these words and phrases and contextualises them in ancient Greek and Roman society.

Chapters by W. Dominik (Otago), J. Hilton (Natal), A. Bevis (Natal), A. Gosling (Natal), S. Masters (Natal).

This anthology provides a representative selection in Latin and English of the verse satires of Lucilius, Horace, Persius, and Juvenal. The general background of Roman satire and the social context of the verse satires are outlined briefly in the Introduction and in the commentary accompanying the individual satires. The notes, which are keyed to the English translation, include the identification of personalities and locations, the explanation of the context of the individual satires and of literary, historical, mythological and philosophical allusions, and discussion of the untranslatable overtones of certain words and phrases.

Scholia: Studies in Classical Antiquity. ISSN 1018-9017. New Zealand/South Africa (1991–2012).
    Scholia and Scholia Reviews (volumes 1-20) published 862 contributions by 392 scholars and academics at 193 universities and other institutions in 36 countries, namely Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Cyprus, Democratic Republic of Congo, England, Finland, France, Germany, Ghana, Greece, India, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Malawi, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Northern Ireland, Puerto Rico, Poland, Romania, Russia, Scotland, Senegal, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Switzerland, USA, Wales and Zimbabwe.
    The series was distributed to individuals, universities and libraries in 49 countries in Africa, North America, Australasia, Europe, South America and Asia. Scholia exchanged with 119 journals.
    Scholia is archived in ProQuest (USA), EBSCO (USA), Informit (Australia) and SABINET (South Africa); indexed and abstracted in L’Année Philologique (France); indexed in Gnomon (Germany) and TOCS-IN (Canada); and listed in Ulrich’s International Periodicals Directory (USA). Photocopies of articles and other sections of Scholia are also available from the British Library Document Supply Centre (BLDSC no. 8092.54348).
    Scholia was listed in the Australian Department of Education, Science and Training Register of Refereed Journals and was recognised by the South African Department of Higher Education and Training for research output subsidy.
    Scholia Reviews, an electronic journal, featured the pre-publication versions of reviews that appeared in Scholia.

Contributions include those of J. Atkinson (Cape Town), R. Bond (Canterbury), J. Bryan (London), D. Burton (Victoria, Wellington), J. Deuling (Victoria, Wellington), A. Griffith (Canterbury), P. Davis (Adelaide), W. Dominik (Otago), J. Edwards (Queensland), N. Endres (Western Kentucky), A. Griffith (Canterbury), R. Hannah (Otago), T. Howe (St Olaf), C. Joyce (Canterbury), B. Kytzler (KwaZulu-Natal), A. Mackay (Auckland), J. Manley (Queensland), M. McAuley (Cambridge), C. Newlands (Colorado, Boulder), K. Nikoloutsos (Berea), R. Parkes (Oxford), G. Salapata (Massey), P. Steele (Cambridge), E. Wheeler (Duke), R. Whitaker (Cape Town), A. Wilson (Victoria, Wellington), T. Wiseman (Exeter).

Contributions include those of A. Allan (Otago), R. Bond (Canterbury), K. De Temmerman (Ghent), W. Dominik (Otago), N. Endres (Western Kentucky), M. Formisano (Humboldt, Berlin), J. Garthwaite (Otago), M. Griffin (Oxford), R. Hannah (Otago), M. Masterson (Victoria, Wellington), F. Muecke (Sydney), R. Newbold (Adelaide), S. Perris (Victoria, Wellington) C. Roby (Stanford), S. Sharland (KwaZulu-Natal), T. Stevenson (Brisbane), J. Stronk (Amsterdam), R. Whitaker (Cape Town).

Contributions include those of J. Atkinson (Cape Town), N. Bernstein (Ohio), J. Braicovich (National, Rosario), J. Bryan (Cambridge), M. Charles (Southern Cross), J. Davidson (Victoria, Wellington), J. Deuling (Victoria, Wellington), W. Dominik (Otago), E. Hall (Royal Holloway, London), R. Hannah (Otago), W. Henderson (Johannesburg), F. Jones (Liverpool), J. Hilton (KwaZulu-Natal), B. Kytzler (KwaZulu-Natal), C. Mackie (Melbourne), A.-H. Mamoojee (Lakehead), A. Marshall (Queen’s, Belfast), T. Morris (George Washington), A. Pomeroy (Victoria, Wellington), M. Schettino (Parma), A. Stone (Western Australia).

Contributions include those of A. Augoustakis (Illinois, Urbana Champaign), P. Brandenburg (Puerto Rico), J. Bryan (Cambridge), P. Burton (Australian National), R. Carpenter (Auckland), C. Champion (Syracuse), A. Delany (KwaZulu-Natal), W. Dominik (Otago), P. Finglass (Nottingham), M. Greenhalgh (Australian National), F. Grewing (Vienna), J. Hale (Otago), P. Hannah (Otago), A. Hartwig (Sydney), J. Henderson (Cambridge), W. Henderson (Johannesburg), L. Keppie (Glasgow), S. Lorenz (Munich), L. MacLeod (Dalhousie), T. Morris (George Washington), J. Porter (Saskatchewan), R. Whitaker (Cape Town).

Contributions include those of A. Archie (Colorado State), A. Basson (Brock), L. Bowman (Victoria), D. Burton (Victoria, Wellington), J. Davidson (Victoria, Wellington), W. Dominik (Otago), R. Errington (Philipps, Marburg), R. Evans (Cardiff), D. Fitzpatrick (Dublin), J. Fogel (Marshall), M. Griffin (Oxford), D. James (Auckland), J. Linderski (North Carolina, Chapel Hill), M. Lloyd (Dublin), V. Matthews (Guelph), V. Moul (Oxford), H. Power (Exeter), J. Rea (Florida), N. Slater (Emory), R. Tomlinson (Birmingham), M. Williams (San Mateo, California).

Scholia: Studies in Classical Antiquity. ISSN 1018-9017. New Zealand/South Africa (1991–2012).
    Scholia and Scholia Reviews (volumes 1-20) published 862 contributions by 392 scholars and academics at 193 universities and other institutions in 36 countries, namely Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Cyprus, Democratic Republic of Congo, England, Finland, France, Germany, Ghana, Greece, India, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Malawi, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Northern Ireland, Puerto Rico, Poland, Romania, Russia, Scotland, Senegal, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Switzerland, USA, Wales and Zimbabwe.
    The series was distributed to individuals, universities and libraries in 49 countries in Africa, North America, Australasia, Europe, South America and Asia. Scholia exchanged with 119 journals.
    Scholia is archived in ProQuest (USA), EBSCO (USA), Informit (Australia) and SABINET (South Africa); indexed and abstracted in L’Année Philologique (France); indexed in Gnomon (Germany) and TOCS-IN (Canada); and listed in Ulrich’s International Periodicals Directory (USA). Photocopies of articles and other sections of Scholia are also available from the British Library Document Supply Centre (BLDSC no. 8092.54348).
    Scholia was listed in the Australian Department of Education, Science and Training Register of Refereed Journals and was recognised by the South African Department of Higher Education and Training for research output subsidy.
    Scholia Reviews, an electronic journal, featured the pre-publication versions of reviews that appeared in Scholia.

Contributions include those of K. Ackah (Ghana, Accra), K. Bradley (Notre Dame), L. Cilliers (Free State), W. Dominik (Otago), J.-M. Claassen, M. Cross (Auckland), W. Dominik (Otago), R. Evans (South Africa), A. Griffith (Canterbury), J. Hilton (KwaZulu-Natal), T. Howe (St Olaf), J. Maritz (Zimbabwe), L. Maurice (Bar-Ilan), E. Minchin (Australian National), R. Pal (Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics), D. Saddington (Witwatersrand), J. Scarborough (Wisconsin, Madison), G. Shipley (Leicester), E. Steinmeyer (KwaZulu-Natal), J. Stronk (Amsterdam), E. Woolerton (Cambridge).

Contributions by K. Bradley (Notre Dame), C. Champion (Syracuse), W. Dominik (Otago), S. Frangoulidis (Crete), E. Gee (Sydney), S. Halliwell (St Andrews), M. Helzle (Case Western Reserve), J. Hilton (KwaZulu-Natal), V. Howan (Massey), S. Ireland (Warwick), B. Kytzler (KwaZulu Natal), E. Lockhead (Canterbury), D. Markus (Michigan), S. Newmyer (Duquesne), E. Ndiaye (Orléans), A. Nice (Reed), L. Pedroni (Austria), P. Roche (Otago), H. Roisman (Colby), R. Scodel (Michigan), L. Warman (Toronto), S. Wear (Dublin), M. Wright (Exeter).

Contributions by J. Atkinson (Cape Town), L. Cilliers and F. Retief (Free State), J.-M. Claassen (Stellenbosch), J. Cweorth (Otago), J. Deuling (Victoria, Wellington), W. Dominik (Otago), D. Evans (Queen’s University, Belfast), M. Frank (St John Vianney Theological Seminary), V. Gray (Auckland), A. Griffith (Canterbury), J. Hilton (KwaZulu-Natal), D. Konstan (Brown), M. Lambert (KwaZulu-Natal), D. Lateiner (Ohio Wesleyan), R. May (Durham), C. Merriam (Brock), J. Penwill (La Trobe, Bendigo), D. Wardle (Cape Town), R. Whitaker (Cape Town).

Contributions by R. Bell (Canterbury), P. Bosman (South Africa), S. Casali (Rome ‘Tor Vergata’), M. Choat (Macquarie), G. Day (Auckland), C. Dearden (Victoria, Wellington), W. Dominik (Otago), J. Evans (British Columbia), M. Humphries (National Ireland, Maynooth), V. Hunink (Radboud), B. Kytzler (KwaZulu-Natal), S. Lawrence (Massey), D. Leitao (San Francisco State), D. Levine (Arkansas), A. Nice (Reed), H. Roisman (Colby), S. Sharland (Witwatersrand), T. Stevenson (Queensland), A. Stone (Western Australia), J. Strijdom (South Africa), N. Yamagata (Open), B. van Zyl Smith (Western Cape).

Contributions by M. Grazia Bajoni (Catholic Sacred Heart), A. Barrett (British Columbia), A. Basson (Buffalo, New York), D. Christenson (Arizona), J. M. Claassen (Stellenbosch), J. Deuling (Victoria, Wellington), W. Dominik (Otago), C. Fuqua (Williams), M. Garmaise (Brock), A. Gosling (Natal), S. Halliwell (St Andrews), J. Hilton (Natal), B. Hudson (Otago), V. Hunink (Radboud), J. Maritz (Zimbabwe), C. W. Marshall (Memorial, Newfoundland), L. McMahon (Le Moyne), S. Papaioannou (Cyprus), D. Saddington (Witwatersrand), R. Smutny (Pacific), T. Stevenson (Auckland), R. Whitaker (Cape Town), I. Worthington (Missouri).

Scholia: Studies in Classical Antiquity. ISSN 1018-9017. New Zealand/South Africa (1991–2012).
    Scholia and Scholia Reviews (volumes 1-20) published 862 contributions by 392 scholars and academics at 193 universities and other institutions in 36 countries, namely Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Cyprus, Democratic Republic of Congo, England, Finland, France, Germany, Ghana, Greece, India, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Malawi, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nigeria, Northern Ireland, Puerto Rico, Poland, Romania, Russia, Scotland, Senegal, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Switzerland, USA, Wales and Zimbabwe.
    The series was distributed to individuals, universities and libraries in 49 countries in Africa, North America, Australasia, Europe, South America and Asia. Scholia exchanged with 119 journals.
    Scholia is archived in ProQuest (USA), EBSCO (USA), Informit (Australia) and SABINET (South Africa); indexed and abstracted in L’Année Philologique (France); indexed in Gnomon (Germany) and TOCS-IN (Canada); and listed in Ulrich’s International Periodicals Directory (USA). Photocopies of articles and other sections of Scholia are also available from the British Library Document Supply Centre (BLDSC no. 8092.54348).
    Scholia was listed in the Australian Department of Education, Science and Training Register of Refereed Journals and was recognised by the South African Department of Higher Education and Training for research output subsidy.
    Scholia Reviews, an electronic journal, featured the pre-publication versions of reviews that appeared in Scholia.

Contributions by C. Ando (Southern California), E. Amato (Salerno), E. Bloedow (Ottawa), R. Bond (Canterbury), A. Boyle (Southern California), M. Cummings (Calgary), B. Diop Buuba (Cheikh Anta Diop), W. Dominik (Otago), P. Green (Iowa), S. Harrison (Oxford), J. Hilton (Natal), V. Hunink (Radboud), E. Jenner (Malawi), A. Krige (Stellenbosch), A. Mackay (Natal), C. Marshall (British Columbia), C. Merriam (Brock), D. Musway (Kikwit), R. Osei (Cape Coast, Ghana), T. Parkin (Canterbury), D. Pike (Natal), A. Podlecki (Grenoble), M. Ronnick (Wayne State), D. Saddington (Witwatersrand), S. Stern-Gillett (Bolton Institute), T. Stevenson (Auckland), R. Todd (British Columbia), D. Wardle (Cape Town).

Contributions by E. Bloedow (Ottawa), J. Davidson (Wellington), W. Dominik (Natal), M. Fitzjohn (Cambridge), S. Frangoulidis (Crete), A. Gosling (Natal), P. Green (Iowa), N. Gross (Delaware), J. Guttilla (Palermo), S. Harrison (Oxford), S. Haskins (Natal), M. Helzle (Case Western Reserve), J. Hilton (Natal), S. Johnson (Cape Town), B. Kytzler (Natal), A. Mackay (Natal), J. Maritz (Zimbabwe), C. Mársico (Buenos Aires), A. Nice (Witwatersrand), M. Ronnick (Wayne State University), D. Saddington (Witwatersrand), G. Tatham (Otago), M. Williams (San Mateo, California).

Contributions by A. Basson (Rand Afrikaans), S. Dawson (Monash), W. Dominik (Natal), A. Gosling (Natal), S. Haskins (Natal), J. Henderson (Cambridge), G. Jensson (Toronto), M. Kleijwegt (South Africa), B. Kytzler (Natal), A. Mackay (Natal), R. Newbold (Adelaide), A. Hardie (London), A. Mackay (Natal), J. Maritz (Zimbabwe), Z. Packman (Natal), G. Parker (Michigan), A. Podlecki (British Columbia/Swarthmore) D. Saddington (Witwatersrand), O. Sankharé (Cheikh Anta Diop), D. Scourfield (National, Ireland, Maynooth), E. Steinmeyer (Natal), T. Whitmarsh (Cambridge), E. Wolff (Nantes).

Contributions by J. Atkinson (Cape Town), D. Bain (Manchester), R. Bond (Canterbury), C. Chandler (Cape Town), A. Cheung (Monash), W. Dominik (Natal), A. Erskine (Dublin), R. Evans (South Africa), B. Esterhuizen (Witwatersrand), B. Gibson (Oxford), P. Hannah (Otago), W. Hift (Natal), M. Kleijwegt (South Africa), B. Kytzler (Natal), M. Lambert (Natal), S. MacAlister (Sydney), A. Mackay (Natal), T. Papillon (Virginia Tech), D. Scourfield (National Ireland, Maynooth), T. Stevenson (Auckland), B. van Zyl Smit (Western Cape), D. Wardle (Cape Town), A. Zadorojnyi (Moscow State Lomonosov).

Contributions by A. Bevis (Natal), J. Birchall (Oxford), D. Cairns (Leeds), P. Christiansen (Texas Tech), J. Cole (Natal), A. D’Angour (London), W. Dominik (Natal), G. Gilmour (Cape Town), A. Gosling (Natal), G. Guttilla (Palermo), J. Hilton (Natal), L. Jackson (Durban-Westville), T. Knight (Zimbabwe), B. Kytzler (Natal), A. Mackay (Natal), H. Maehler (London), H. Mattingly (Cambridge), G. Parker (Princeton), R. Polansky (Duquesne), M. Ronnick (Wayne State), J. Walters (Southern California).

Contributions by A. Basson (Rand Afrikaans), S. Burstein (California State, Los Angeles), W. Calder III (Illinois), P. Davis (Tasmania), W. Dominik (Natal), E. George (Texas Tech), A. Gosling (Natal), B. Kytzler (Natal), M. Lambert (Natal), A. Mackay (Natal), L. Marx (Cape Town), M. Mezzabotta (Cape Town), S. Nugent (Princeton), M. Ronnick (Wayne State), M. Salamanca (Valladolid), E. Stehle (Maryland, College Park), P. Tennant (Natal), T. Wilkinson (Cambridge), M. Williams (Texas).

Contributions by J. Atkinson (Cape Town), B. Baldwin (Calgary), R. Bond (Canterbury), G. Calboli (Bologna), A. Callinicos (Zimbabwe), E. Carvalho (Monash), C. Chandler (Cape Town), P. Davis (Tasmania), W. Dominik (Natal), M. Fusco (Vassar), J. Jackson (Rhodes), D. Jorge (Western Cape), M. Kleijwegt (South Africa), T. Lockyer (Natal), A. Mackay (Natal), A. Major (Macquarie), P. McKechnie (Auckland), D. Meadows (McMaster), D. Pike (Natal), M. Ronnick (Wayne State), D. Scourfield (Witwatersrand), I. Storey (Trent), S. Swain (Oxford), J. Thom (Stellenbosch), M. Waegeman (Malawi), R. Whitaker (Cape Town), M. Yamagata (London).

Contributions by D. Blyth (Auckland), J. Cilliers (Orange Free State), J. M. Claassen (Stellenbsoch), P. Davis (Tasmania), W. Dominik (Natal), G. Fagan (Davidson), M. Frank (Witwatersrand), B. Hendrickx (Rand Afrikaans), J. Hilton (Natal), A. Keen (Manchester), D. Konstan (Brown), M. Lambert (Natal), A. Mackay (Natal), A. Major (Macquarie), S. Masters (Natal), S. Newmyer (Duquesne), Z. Packman (Natal), M. Ronnick (Wayne State), E. Schmoll (Concordia), L. Sussman (Florida), B. Sypniewski (Atlantic Community).

Contributions by S. Bastomsky (Monash), T. Biberauer (Stellenbosch), J. M. Claassen (Stellenbosch), W. Dominik (Natal), F. Dunn (California, Santa Barbara), C. Elerick (Texas, El Paso), D. Fuqua (Williams), A. Gosling (Natal), J. Hilton (Natal), J. de Kuyper (Malawi), A. Mackay (Natal), P. McKechnie (Auckland), C. Merriam (Queen’s), F. Opeku (Cape Coast), H. Rankin (Southampton), N. Slater (Emory), J. Thom (Stellenbosch), L. Thompson (Ibadan), R. Whitaker (Cape Town).

Contributions by E. Bloedow (Ottawa), J.-M. Claassen (Stellenbosch), P. Davis (Tasmania), L. Dickson (Natal), W. Dominik (Natal), A. Gosling (Natal), J. Hilton (Natal), B. Kayton (Natal), D. Larmour (Texas Tech), C. Luschnig (Idaho), A. Mackay (Natal), P. McKechnie (Auckland), S. Newmyer (Duquesne), E. Ning’ang’a (Malawi), A. Oberholzer (Natal), L. van Ryneveld (Orange Free State), W. Wehrle (William and Mary).

A system of databases on the World Wide Web at http://www.litencyc.com that provides up-to-date profiles of literary authors, works, topics and events. Created a list for Roman literature of 185 entries, all of which have been assigned to scholars at universities and other institutions in 16 countries on 5 continents.

One approach to the reading of Pliny’s Panegyricus is to examine later iterations and
discussions of panegyric in Late Antiquity and the Early Modern Period for loci and passages that recall and discuss this earliest extant imperial panegyric. Although a surface reading of imperial panegyric, whether it is in the judicial or political context, is indisputably laudatory, the ambiguous undertones of a text like the Panegyricus will always be the subject of contestation among critics. Inevitably scholars who read imperial panegyric literally will not like an interpretation that opens up possibilities for a multivalent reading of Pliny’s panegyric on Trajan. The Panegyricus can be read firstly and most obviously as praise and flattery, even if such a reading includes the potential for the instability or slippage of flattery. But the hybrid nature of the genre it represents suggests that the Panegyricus can also be read in at least four other ways: as ceremony and celebration; as authorial self-positioning, selffashioning, and self-representation; as exhortation, admonition, and advice, that is, as protreptic and didactic; and as potential admonishment and criticism.

As later panegyric evidently was multi-dimensional and allowed for ambiguity and even criticism, it seems natural that the Panegyricus, which sometimes served as a model for the composition of subsequent panegyrics, would possess a similar capacity to function on a number of levels. The reception of Pliny’s Panegyricus by writers of Late Antiquity and the Early Modern Period not only provides evidence of its important role in the history of the genre of panegyric, but it also serves to illustrate the potential functions of the Panegyricus’ own narrative. The modern criticism levelled against the Panegyricus is largely attributable to its effusive flattery of the emperor, but the focus on this feature of the work has partly blinded readers to its more nuanced aspects. An examination of Pliny’s narrative techniques in the Panegyricus and its reception (and that of Graeco-Roman panegyric generally) during
Late Antiquity and the Early Modern Period demonstrates that the oration had a number of potential functions that transcend the mere purpose of praising the emperor.

Modern assessments of Quintilian are still ambivalent, though investigation during the past third of a century has tended to focus on an examination of his rhetorical theories and techniques. While on a general level Quintilian is most often cited for his definition of a good rhetorician (vir bonus dicendi peritus), on a scholarly level between 1980 and 2016 seemingly every conceivable topic on this rhetorician has been explored. In comparison with other parts of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries there has been almost an exponential growth in scholarship on Quintilian, as exemplifed not only by this The Oxford Handbook to Quintilian but also other large collections on Quintilian, particularly those by Cova et al. (1990), Murphy (1995a, 1995b, 2016), Albaladejo Mayordomo et al. (1998), Del Río et al. (1998), Tellegen-Couperus (2003), and Galand et al. (2010), not to mention the other dozens of articles on Quintilian during this period. Altogether in the past thirty-seven years approximately 600 articles, chapters, books and dissertations have been published on Quintilian, the majority by continental European scholars.

Recent scholarship on Quintilian, though it has much improved in attitude toward and coverage of the rhetorician, still remains prone to uninformed bias. While discussion of Quintilian in reference works such as the Oxford Classical Dictionary and the Ancient World Encyclopedia are more factual and generally discuss briefly his role in the history of rhetoric, criticism of Quintilian and his theories and approaches tends to be confined to discussions by critics or students who have not re-evaluated his critical role in Roman rhetoric and depend on some of the scholarly judgements made by past scholars. This is evident, for example, especially in the Wikipedia article on the ‘Institutio Oratoria’ in English (modified 26 May 2013). While scholars may be generally dismissive of Wikipedia scholarship, it holds an enormous influence over students and the general public and is often the first source for students and even scholars
confronting an ancient figure such as Quintilian. The section entitled ‘Limitations’ in the anonymous, (presumably) collectively produced and unreferenced Wikipedia article in English is extremely unhelpful to serious students of Quintilian. He is damned for being so heavily immersed in the culture of rhetoric so as to have lost perspective on its shortcomings, for being a victim of the education he advocates, for being compelled to adopt the unnatural language of his age, and for promoting the idea of an ideal orator whose existence was unrealisable.

Fortunately, though, modern assessments are generally positive in their approach toward Quintilian, as is evident by the comments on his achievements as a rhetorician and his important role in the history of education. But the greatest indication of the growing esteem in which Quintilian is held is the enormous number and breadth of topics that have been undertaken on his rhetorical theories and techniques, which serve to provide the basis for an informed critical judgement of him as a rhetorician and educator. Ultimately the modern scholarship on Quintilian not only provides a positive appraisal and reassessment of his place in the history of rhetoric and education but also of his important role in the modern resurgence of scholarly interest in rhetoric.

Silius’s representation of dynasty, parricide, and the imagery of the ensis and sceptrum in the Punica comprises the focus of this chapter. Parricide emerges from Silius’s epic as the paradigmatic crime of civil war, revealing a particularly Flavian preoccupation with the role of discordia within familial and perhaps even dynastic systems. Within the Punica, the ensis and the sceptrum become interlocked images which foreground the violent potential embedded within Rome’s imperial structure. This image system is part of a wider, coherent, and yet still not often recognized strategy on Silius’s part to both distance the nefas of civil war from Flavian pax while simultaneously destabilizing that very distancing strategy.

Extracts from editors' introduction:

'The same discourse of domestic and foreign, Roman and Other, also animates this volume’s readings of the Punica, which together identify an array of Silian approaches to the familiar strategy of situating anxieties externally, a strategy which William Dominik (ch. 13) labels “geographical distancing.” (p. 17)

'Dominik (ch. 13) argues that Silius situates multiple points of Roman civil war’s genesis throughout the events of the Second Punic War, from the defeat at Cannae to the eventual defeat of Hannibal, while also painting the portrait of a populus Romanus that already possessed the necessary character to descend into—and welcome—civil strife. (p. 19)

'Dominik (ch. 13) sees Silius as hinting at the apotheosized Vespasian in his closing divinization of Scipio, with the result that Silius’s earlier destabilizations of the positivity of apotheosis, particularly the apotheosis of the “key figure and symbol of civil war,”42 Julius Caesar, also color the poet’s generally-positive images of Vespasian and his dynasty.' (p. 20)

In his introductory survey of ancient Roman rhetoric that opens Part II of the Handbook, William J. Dominik (ch. 12: “The Development of Roman Rhetoric”) argues that while Roman rhetoric is often treated as an adumbration of Greek models and doctrines, another useful method is to analyze the uniquely Roman “cultural dynamic” that shaped Latin rhetorical theory and practice. In addition to Romanizing Greek terms and employing Latin literary and legal examples, theorists strove to develop a native Latin rhetoric that reflected its agrarian roots and reinforced elite male Roman attitudes toward national, class, and gender identity. This attention to the singularities of the Roman social context also leads Dominik to contest the view that rhetoric degenerated under the Empire: law courts remained arenas of rhetorical activity, genres such as epic, lyric, historiography, and the novel flourished, and declamation—often criticized for its lurid, improbable, and artificial themes—emerged as a vital cultural practice intimately connected to the “social and political realities” of Roman life.

Taken together, the chapters that comprise The Oxford Handbook of Rhetorical Studies show that rhetoric is not only a body of precepts for stylish, effective communication in speech, writing, and other media but also a social process embedded in manifold areas of culture, a process that both mirrors and engenders the society in which it operates. “Rhetoric, like any other field of activity,” observes William J. Dominik, “is constructed socially, politically and cognitively in ways that reflect, express and extend—through its rules, structures, processes and values—the culture that produces it” (1997: 11).

Silius’s representation of dynasty, parricide, and the imagery of the ensis and sceptrum in the Punica comprises the focus of this chapter. Parricide emerges from Silius’s epic as the paradigmatic crime of civil war, revealing a particularly Flavian preoccupation with the role of discordia within familial and perhaps even dynastic systems. Within the Punica, the ensis and the sceptrum become interlocked images which foreground the violent potential embedded within Rome’s imperial structure. This image system is part of a wider, coherent, and yet still not often recognized strategy on Silius’s part to both distance the nefas of civil war from Flavian pax while simultaneously destabilizing that very distancing strategy.

Extracts from editors' introduction:

'The same discourse of domestic and foreign, Roman and Other, also animates
this volume’s readings of the Punica, which together identify an array of
Silian approaches to the familiar strategy of situating anxieties externally, a strategy
which William Dominik (ch. 13) labels “geographical distancing.” (p. 17)

'Dominik (ch. 13) argues that Silius situates multiple points of Roman civil war’s
genesis throughout the events of the Second Punic War, from the defeat at Cannae
to the eventual defeat of Hannibal, while also painting the portrait of a populus
Romanus that already possessed the necessary character to descend into—
and welcome—civil strife. (p. 19)

'Dominik (ch. 13) sees Silius as hinting at the apotheosized Vespasian in his closing
divinization of Scipio, with the result that Silius’s earlier destabilizations of
the positivity of apotheosis, particularly the apotheosis of the “key figure and
symbol of civil war,”42 Julius Caesar, also color the poet’s generally-positive images
of Vespasian and his dynasty.' (p. 20)

In his introductory survey of ancient Roman rhetoric that opens Part II of the Handbook, William J. Dominik (ch. 12: “The Development of Roman Rhetoric”) argues that while Roman rhetoric is often treated as an adumbration of Greek models and doctrines, another useful method is to analyze the uniquely Roman “cultural dynamic” that shaped Latin rhetorical theory and practice. In addition to Romanizing Greek terms and employing Latin literary and legal examples, theorists strove to develop a native Latin rhetoric that reflected its agrarian roots and reinforced elite male Roman attitudes toward national, class, and gender identity. This attention to the singularities of the Roman social context also leads Dominik to contest the view that rhetoric degenerated under the Empire: law courts remained arenas of rhetorical activity, genres such as epic, lyric, historiography, and the novel flourished, and declamation—often criticized for its lurid, improbable, and artificial themes—emerged as a vital cultural practice intimately connected to the “social and political realities” of Roman life.

Taken together, the chapters that comprise The Oxford Handbook of Rhetorical Studies show that rhetoric is not only a body of precepts for stylish, effective communication in speech, writing, and other media but also a social process embedded in manifold areas of culture, a process that both mirrors and engenders the society in which it operates. “Rhetoric, like any other field of activity,” observes William J. Dominik, “is constructed socially, politically and cognitively in ways that reflect, express and extend—through its rules, structures, processes and values—the culture that produces it” (1997: 11).

William Dominik (Chapter 15) discusses Statian criticisms
of power to be found in the Thebaid’s similes and maintains that the most important function of the similes is the elucidation of the epic’s main themes of the abuse of power on the supernatural and monarchal levels and the consequential suffering of its victims. Dominik focuses upon a number of similes concerning Jupiter and Theseus that have been the subject of recent debate among scholars and explains how they and other similes reinforce these themes. According to Dominik, the main stimulus of the human action of the Thebaid is the malevolent influence of the higher powers, especially Jupiter. His thematic reading of the similes demonstrates how they are often used to underscore this critical role of the gods by showing the destruction caused by those in power and the suffering endured by the powerless as the result of forces beyond their control.

No capitulo 4, 'Ensinando e pesquisando o mundo clássico', William Dominik discute a importância, relevância e viabilidade dos Estudos Clássicos e das Humanidades no ambiente universitário contemporâneo. Fornece uma visão geral das oportunidades e dos desafios que estão diante de pesquisadores, professores e estudantes dessas áreas de estudo no começo do novo milênio.  Ao desenvolver essas discussões, este estudo proporciona uma percepção do largo alcance e relevância dos Estudos Clássicos para o pensamento humanístico e para o mundo moderno.

While the development of Roman rhetoric is usually examined from the perspective of the Roman adoption and adaptation of Greek rhetoric, an equally useful approach to the study of Roman rhetoric is to view it as a reflection of the natural process of cultural and political change. A positive account of the development of Roman rhetoric may seem difficult to extract from the sources because of the theme of secondariness and decline that runs through the narrative of its evolution. This chapter attempts to suggest the ways in which Roman rhetoric not only evolved from Greek rhetoric but also how it made its mark upon the discipline so that it became an academic exercise and cultural phenomenon distinctive in its own right.

This chapter examines the gods and human free will in the Thebaid. The roles of the major and minor gods is discussed, especially those of Jupiter, Pluto and the Furies. Contrary to the views of most scholars, the main stimulus of the human action of the poem is shown to spring from the internal motivation and actions of the gods rather than from the innate disposition and drive of the individual human characters. The consequence of the overriding supernatural control of human affairs is that the characters of the poem have little opportunity to display free will and therefore to exert any real meaningful influence over the direction of events that occur in the epic.

O desenvolvimento da retórica romana geralmente é examinado a partir da perspectiva da adoção e adaptação romana da retórica grega. Enquanto o desenvolvimento teórico e prático da retórica romana, sem dúvida, pode ser traçado das suas origens gregas, uma abordagem igualmente útil do estudo da retórica romana é vê-Ia como um reflexo do processo natural de mudança cultural e
política. Apesar de a retórica, em seu mais básico nível em Roma, ter envolvido o ato de falar e, em um nível mais acadêmico, ter sido legitimado por um complexo conjunto de regras, o melhor é considerá-la cotno parte de um processo cultural muito mais amplo. Utn positivo relato do desenvolvimento da retórica romana pode parecer difícil de se extrair das fontes por causa do tema de secundaridade e do declínio que atravessa a narrative de sua evolução. Esta conferência tenta sugerir as formas em que a retórica romana não somente evoluiu a partir de retórica grega, mas também como ela deixou sua marca sobre a disciplina
para que ela se tornasse um exercício acadêmico e um fenômeno cultural distintivo em seu próprio direito.

William Dominik’s chapter traces the development of modern scholarship on Silius Italicus’ Punica, especially in the twentieth century, stressing the shifts in critical attitudes to the poet, in great detail, an important tool for future students of the Punica. Because Silius Italicus arguably has received a more negative press than any other imperial epicist, Dominik examines how these attitudes to the poet began to change gradually, especially in the past ten years. This essay documents the reception of the Punica and the main trends in scholarship on the epic in the modern era.

The connection between oratory and power is further explored by Steven Rutledge (chapter 9), who along with William Dominik (chapter 24) challenges the view,
sometimes asserted by the Romans themselves and hence by modern scholars, that oratory experienced a decline during the early imperial period. Rutledge and Dominik maintain that there were numerous opportunities for the pursuit of oratory under the emperors.
    As the discussions by Roger Rees (chapter 11) and Dominik (chapter 24) show, there is room for different views on the function and potential irony of imperial panegyric, and in such cases the approach taken in this volume is an inclusive one.
    Other important figures from this period are Tacitus and Pliny, treated by Dominik (chapter 24), and the elder Seneca, discussed by Bloomer (chapter 22) in his assessment of the influential Roman practice of declamation.

William Dominik’s chapter on Vergil examines the concept of "geopolitics," which he refers to generally as constituting the relationship between political and geographical features of the text. Maintaining that “green politics” function as an essential component of the Vergilian narrative, Dominik asserts that political events frequently are treated in terms of the physical world in which they occur. The focus upon the natural environment reveals its vulnerability to the politico-military and urban worlds and the sympathy of the narrator for the environment and its denizens. The conflict that arises in all three poems is attributable to the attempts of man to establish hegemony over the landscape. Through a holistic and intertextual reading of the “book” of Vergil—the Eclogues, Georgics, and the Aeneid—a picture of the natural world emerges in which the “forces of history” and the poet’s sympathetic response to the victims of Rome’s imperial past are emphasized over the “political teleology” of the individual poems.

Vergil is seminal for any discussion of the political in imperial literature. William Dominik’s chapter on Vergil examines the concept of “geopolitics,” which he refers to generally as constituting the relationship between political and geographical features of the text. Maintaining that “green politics” function as an essential component of the Vergilian narrative, Dominik asserts that political events frequently are treated in terms of the physical world in which they occur. The focus upon the natural environment reveals its vulnerability to the politico-military and urban worlds and the sympathy of the narrator for the environment and its denizens. The conflict that arises in all three poems is attributable to the attempts of man to establish hegemony over the landscape. Through a holistic and intertextual reading of the “book” of Vergil—the Eclogues, Georgics, and the Aeneid—a picture of the natural world emerges in which the “forces of history” and the poet’s sympathetic response to the victims of Rome’s imperial past are emphasized over the “political teleology” of the individual poems.

Part IV continues with Monica Gale on Lucretius' De rerum natura, Michael Putnam on Virgil's Aeneid, Carole Newlands on Ovid's Metamorphoses, Shadi Bartsch on Lucan's Pharsalia or Bellum civile, Andrew Zissos on Valerius Flaccus' Argonautica, William Dominik on Statius' Thebaid and fragmentary Achilleid, Raymond Marks on Silius Italicus' Punica, Michael Barnes on Claudian's De Bello Gildonico, and Dennis Trout on Latin Christan epics of late antiquity. . . .

Part IV continues with Monica Gale on Lucretius' De rerum natura, Michael Putnam on Virgil's Aeneid, Carole Newlands on Ovid's Metamorphoses, Shadi Bartsch on Lucan's Pharsalia or Bellum civile, Andrew Zissos on Valerius Flaccus' Argonautica, William Dominik on Statius' Thebaid and fragmentary Achilleid, Raymond Marks on Silius Italicus' Punica, Michael Barnes on Claudian's De Bello Gildonico, and Dennis Trout on Latin Christan epics of late antiquity. . . .

The connection between oratory and power is further explored by Steven Rutledge (chapter 9), who along with William Dominik (chapter 24) challenges the view,
sometimes asserted by the Romans themselves and hence by modern scholars, that oratory experienced a decline during the early imperial period. Rutledge and Dominik maintain that there were numerous opportunities for the pursuit of oratory under the emperors.
    As the discussions by Roger Rees (chapter 11) and Dominik (chapter 24) show, there is room for different views on the function and potential irony of imperial panegyric, and in such cases the approach taken in this volume is an inclusive one.
    Other important figures from this period are Tacitus and Pliny, treated by Dominik (chapter 24), and the elder Seneca, discussed by Bloomer (chapter 22) in his assessment of the influential Roman practice of declamation.

The connection between oratory and power is further explored by Steven Rutledge (chapter 9), who along with William Dominik (chapter 24) challenges the view,
sometimes asserted by the Romans themselves and hence by modern scholars, that oratory experienced a decline during the early imperial period. Rutledge and Dominik maintain that there were numerous opportunities for the pursuit of oratory under the emperors.
    As the discussions by Roger Rees (chapter 11) and Dominik (chapter 24) show, there is room for different views on the function and potential irony of imperial panegyric, and in such cases the approach taken in this volume is an inclusive one.
    Other important figures from this period are Tacitus and Pliny, treated by Dominik (chapter 24), and the elder Seneca, discussed by Bloomer (chapter 22) in his assessment of the influential Roman practice of declamation.

During the height of apartheid, Classical dramas in Afrikaans came to play an important part in the political debate concerning justice and the rule of law in the country. William Dominik, 'Writing Power and Politics in Classically Derived Afrikaans Drama' (pp. 93-115), analyses four Afrikaans dramas derived from Classical sources that explore these issues: Periandros van Korinthe by D. J. Opperman (1954), Germanicus by N. P. van Wyk Louw (1956), Caesar: 'n Drama by André Brink (196), and Bacchus in die Boland by Bartho Smit (1974). Opperman, van Wyk Louw and Brink use the historical characters Periander, Germanicus and Caesar respectively in their tragedies to explore issues involving the exercise of political power in civic and national settings, while Bartho Smit uses the mythological figure of Bacchus in Bacchus in die Boland to expose the political reality of modern South Africa. These dramas derived from Classical sources not only are in-depth studies of power and its manifestations and consequences but also deal with political situations that had a direct relevance to South African society under apartheid. There are moments of optimism when hope for positive political change is expressed, but nowhere in the plays is the exercise of power portrayed positively. This gloomy picture applies particularly to the victims of the abuse of power.

Part IV continues with Monica Gale on Lucretius' De rerum natura, Michael Putnam on Virgil's Aeneid, Carole Newlands on Ovid's Metamorphoses, Shadi Bartsch on Lucan's Pharsalia or Bellum civile, Andrew Zissos on Valerius Flaccus' Argonautica, William Dominik on Statius' Thebaid and fragmentary Achilleid, Raymond Marks on Silius Italicus' Punica, Michael Barnes on Claudian's De Bello Gildonico, and Dennis Trout on Latin Christan epics of late antiquity. . . .

Ironically some of the values traditionally regarded as defining constituents of romanitas are displayed in the first major episode of Punica not at the centre of Rome’s empire, but, as in Tacitus’ Annales and Agricola, at the empire’s periphery. William Dominik’s analysis  of the fall of Saguntum in Punica 1 and 2 exhibits Saguntum as a surrogate Rome and the citizens’ instantiation of the virtues of fides and pietas as futile and fatal. Dominik’s programmatic reading of the episode shows the seeds of Rome’s post-Cannae decline already evident, as the fides and pietas displayed by the surrogate Rome are rewarded with Roman betrayal and the city’s destruction. Punica’s ideological world is the melancholic verdict of one of the imperial world’s great survivors and unexplained suicides. Having experienced the reigns of Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius and Nero (whose fall he had witnessed as consul in 68 CE), Silius had supported Vitellius in the bloody upheaval of 69 CE, and had not only survived but had prospered under the Flavians only to commit suicide through starvation under Trajan (101 CE). His poem’s implied commentary on Rome of the Flavian principate is not especially flattering.

In his epilogue to the Thebaid (12.810-19), Statius poses the question whether his poem will endure after his own death. Whereas critics have almost universally interpreted
these lines as an acknowledgement of poetic inferiority to Virgil, this discussion maintains that they are designed primarily to encourage the reader to consider the Thebaid's intellectual focus, especially its relation to earlier poetry and epic and its role within these traditions.

This article examines the development of the classical tradition and reception in Africa and how Classics has been used for various social, cultural and political purposes. The first part highlights some theoretical considerations regarding the classical tradition and reception on the African sub-continent. The classical tradition model tends to emphasize the influence of classical ideas upon later periods of western civilization. The classical reception model, which constitutes a critical response to the approach of the classical tradition, attempts to examine how modern writers and other figures have appropriated and adapted classical themes to suggest continuity with the past or to challenge its perspective. One can conceive of a paradigm of classical influence that is based upon a more fluid relationship between these models. The idea of classical ‘traception’ embraces the traditional models of both the classical tradition and classical reception -- the former through its suggestion of linear descendent and the latter through its ‘receptive’ and reconfigurative associations. In addition, this model of ‘traception’ incorporates various hybrid cultural elements that result from a hypertext’s variegated origins and multicultural features, not all of which are classical.

Part two discusses how and when classical ideas and texts reached and extended into Africa and the main areas that constitute the classical ‘traception’ on the subcontinent. From the time of the sixteenth century writers and poets have written various texts in Latin and used classical references in their prose, poetic, and dramatic works. The most visible influence of classical antiquity upon Africa, though, is in the area of colonial architecture.

The third part presents a case study in the area of drama to illustrate some of the interpretive consequences of using the model of the classical tradition as opposed to that of the classical reception. Fugard, Kani, and Ntshona’s The Island (1974) features a performance of Sophocles’ Antigone as part of the plot. The model of the classical tradition has focused inter alia on the themes of the Antigone concerning the conflict between the state and individual and the distinction between human law and divine justice. Read through the lens of the classical reception, The Island becomes primarily a political drama that has appropriated and adapted a classical form to explore the human costs of apartheid. My proposed model of ‘classical traception’ seems preferable to either the model of the classical tradition or that of classical reception when describing the dynamics of The Island since it spans both the European conception of the original Antigone and its linear descent (the traditional model of the classical tradition) as well as its reconfiguration by its split collective (or hybrid) multi racial ‘author’ in The Island (the traditional concept of classical reception).

The investigation of how classical ideas and texts reached Africa and influenced its development in a range of areas is complementary with the examination of how indigenous Africans and European settlers and their ancestors appropriated and adapted these ideas and texts. Considering the elements of the classical tradition along with those of the classical reception—what I jointly term classical ‘traception’—helps to provide a broader view of the ways in which Classics has helped to shape different African societies and their cultures from the perspectives of both the European colonizers and indigenous peoples.

Embora no início dos Anais Tácito reivindique para si, como um programa, o princípio da objetividade e da neutralidade, em toda sua obra ele utiliza várias estratégias narrativas que prejudicam essa suposta noção de neutralidade. Uma dessas estratégias narrativas envolve a ênfase de uma das suas explicações de um evento na narrativa dos Anais entre as outras explicações propostas. Um aspecto dessa estratégia para enfatizar uma determinada narrativa diz respeito à forma como Tácito organiza eventos a fim de chamar a atenção para as associações particulares entre certos personagens e os seus papéis dramáticos na narrativa enfatizada.

Although at the beginning of the Annals Tacitus claims for himself the principle of objectivity and neutrality, he employs various narrative strategies throughout his work that undermine this idea of alleged neutrality. One of these narrative strategies involves Tacitus’ emphasis of one of his explanations of an event in the narrative of the Annals over other proposed explanations. An aspect of this strategy relevant to narrative emphasis relates to how Tacitus organizes events to draw attention to particular associations between certain characters and their dramatic roles in the narrative.

Classics may be considered by some New Zealanders to be a product of ‘high culture’, but it is relevant along with the rest of the Humanities to the contemporary world and part of the mix that makes up the cultural scene and educational practice of New Zealand Aotearoa. Classics has made contributions to New Zealand Aotearoa society in a number of cultural areas and has a role to play in an increasingly multicultural environment.

Este estudo examina os deuses, os homens e o livre arbítrio
da humanidade no Tebaida, de Estácio. Os papéis dos deuses, principais e secundários, são discutidos, sobretudo os papéis de Júpiter, Plutão e das Fúrias. Ao contrário dos pontos de vista da maioria dos críticos, o principal estímulo da ação humana do poema revela-se provir da motivação interna e das ações dos deuses, em vez da disposição inata e do impulso dos humanos individuais. A consequência do controle sobrenatural dos assuntos humanos é que os personagens do poema têm pouca oportunidade para exibir livre arbítrio e, consequentemente, de influenciar significativamente a direção dos eventos que ocorrem na epopeia.

This article discusses the importance, relevance and viability of Classics and the Humanities in the university setting of the twenty-first century, including in Nigeria. It gives an overview of the opportunities and challenges facing researchers, lecturers and students in Classics and the Humanities in the new millennium. In the process this presentation hopes to provide a sense of the broad scope and relevance of Classics to humanistic thinking and the modern world.

In Senecan drama power emerges as an important theme. In a number of tragedies Seneca shows himself to be preoccupied with the exercise and abuse of power through the actions and words of his mythological characters. Seneca creates in his plays a mythic cosmos that reflects the world of imperial Rome. Apparent in the smaller textual details of the tragedies are the cultural and political substructure of Seneca’s age. References to such concepts as Quirites, Lares and Penates, architectural features such as gardens and heated baths; and contemporary events that are suggested by references to people such as the Dahae, Parthians and Alans from the Thyestes alone are exempla whose significance transcends the localised context and situate the drama in the cultural world of Rome. The majority of the dates proposed for Seneca’s dramas suggest a political reading relevant particularly to the age of Nero and more generally to imperial Rome of any period. The tragedies have clear political and moral implications and speak directly to the most important issues of the first century.