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João Mourato
  • Instituto de Ciências Sociais
    Av. Professor Aníbal de Bettencourt, 9
    1600-189 LISBOA
    Portugal
Increasingly, Protected Areas (PAs) are sustained by a multilevel governance where demands for public participation have occurred against the backdrop of state reconfiguration. Little scholarly attention has been paid to how these shifts... more
Increasingly, Protected Areas (PAs) are sustained by a multilevel governance where demands for public participation have occurred against the backdrop of state reconfiguration. Little scholarly attention has been paid to how these shifts have taken place; this paper aims to diachronically assess the involvement of non-state actors in the governance of PAs in Portugal. Our findings indicate that while the range of actors involved in the decision-making process has progressively widened, their engagement remains mainly consultative. Moreover, PAs managed by local authorities and private actors have been recognised, yet local authorities' involvement in PAs managed by state actors has been recently reduced. These apparently contradictory trends seem to illustrate a common rationale: state actors are fighting to retain control while adapting to the broadening role of multiple actors in nature conservation policies. We conclude that new governance approaches do not necessarily pave the way for more public participation in conservation.
This paper offers a fresh perspective on the predominant narrative that links climate change to migration. We review how this narrative is being used to promote securitization policies and to limit migration avenues. We propose a... more
This paper offers a fresh perspective on the predominant narrative that links climate change to migration. We review how this narrative is being used to promote securitization policies and to limit migration avenues. We propose a reinterpretation of this connection by drawing on its current critique and acknowledging the alternative conclusions that emerge from local perceptions of climate change. We explore human development perspectives to demonstrate how context-specific power structures and the politics behind the causes of (non-)migration, inhibit the freedom of choice by individuals and households over possible migratory decisions under changing climate threats and dangers. To achieve the well-being and social justice necessary for individuals to cope with the conditions of (non-)climate change, we conclude that current development aspirations must shift focus from human capital to human capability.
The year 2020 will go down in history as the global breakout year of the Covid-19 virus. With its devastating impacts yet to be fully determined, the pandemic’s anthropogenic origins, reach, public, and political response are a stark... more
The year 2020 will go down in history as the global breakout year of the Covid-19 virus. With its devastating impacts yet to be fully determined, the pandemic’s anthropogenic origins, reach, public, and political response are a stark reminder of the challenges the implementation of the UN Agenda 2030 and its 17 sustainable development goals (SDGs) will face. At first, the urgency and immediacy of the Covid-19 crisis may fog this comparison. However, a striking resemblance becomes apparent when taking into account the pandemic’s global nature, associated geopolitical strife, scrambled initial institutional action, dynamic of (mis)information flows, and uneven geographical and socioeconomic implications. Concerning knowledge, a clear dichotomy emerged during Covid-19. On the one hand, a collaborative race for solutions began in terms of treatment, containment, and prevention. From epidemiologists, physicians to social psychologists, from local nurses to the World Health Organization, from national heads of state to mayors and civil society, Covid-19 mobilized joint working at different levels, sectors, and between a widely diverse array of actors. On the other hand, it also illustrated the speed in which fake facts spread in the age of post-truth. This highlighted the dangers of knowledge politicization, with its use primarily tuned for political combat rather than socially beneficial purposes. Multiple lessons can be taken from the outset of the pandemic to inform the implementation of the UN Agenda 2030 and the SDGs: the need to reorganize political priorities in face of a perceived emergency and to work collaboratively at multiple levels, as well as the relevance of an adequate knowledge governance framework.
Community-based initiatives (CBIs) are an embodiment and potential catalyst of societal change towards sustainability. In Portugal, they remain a largely untapped resource. This paper examines different nuances of CBIs' societal change... more
Community-based initiatives (CBIs) are an embodiment and potential catalyst of societal change towards sustainability. In Portugal, they remain a largely untapped resource. This paper examines different nuances of CBIs' societal change agency by proposing an innovative inquiry framework focused on substance, processes and outcomes via an actor, politics and governance-centered approach. Through an inward-versus outward-looking dialectical reflection on CBIs' politicization dynamics, we analyze Portugal's CBI landscape drawing upon previous research, databases and semi-structured interviews. We conclude that a politicization gap and the absence of both socio-political visibility and of favorable institutional and policy frameworks are crucial contextual premises hindering CBIs' change agency. Notwithstanding, CBI's transformative potential is undeniable. We find them perfectly positioned to mediate co-shaping processes between social innovators and incumbent institutions, contesting the latter's unsustainable development logic. If CBIs and governments acknowledge the complementarity of their scope of societal change agency, CBIs' transformational time may have arrived.
With the arrival of the xxi century the relationship between humans and nature is reaching a critical stage. At stake stand the planetary liveability patterns of both human and most non-human life forms. Despite the sometimes conflicting... more
With the arrival of the xxi century the relationship between humans and nature is reaching a critical stage. At stake stand the planetary liveability patterns of both human and most non-human life forms. Despite the sometimes conflicting data on the urgency of the need to rethink this relationship, there is a growing consensus that we face an unsustainable status quo (Capra 2004; Ehrlich and Ehrlich 2013). As a result of this socio-ecological crisis and overall public inability to address it glocally, there has been a substantial increase, over the past decades, in the number and variety of social movements favouring sustainability, commonly self-referred to as alternatives (Barry and Quilley 2009; Alexander and Rutherford 2014). In this chapter we propose a framework of inquiry into these emergent alternatives.
Increasingly, Protected Areas (PAs) are sustained by a multilevel governance where demands for public participation have occurred against the backdrop of state reconfiguration. Little scholarly attention has been paid to how these shifts... more
Increasingly, Protected Areas (PAs) are sustained by a multilevel governance where demands for public participation have occurred against the backdrop of state reconfiguration. Little scholarly attention has been paid to how these shifts have taken place; this paper aims to diachronically assess the involvement of non-state actors in the governance of PAs in Portugal. Our findings indicate that while the range of actors involved in the decision-making process has progressively widened, their engagement remains mainly consultative. Moreover, PAs managed by local authorities and private actors have been recognised, yet local authorities' involvement in PAs managed by state actors has been recently reduced. These apparently contradictory trends seem to illustrate a common rationale: state actors are fighting to retain control while adapting to the broadening role of multiple actors in nature conservation policies. We conclude that new governance approaches do not necessarily pave the way for more public participation in conservation.
This chapter examines the conceptualization of adaptation to cc research and practices found in the literature, and from a social sciences perspective, revisits the imprint of ClimAdaPT.Local, emphasizing its conceptual and... more
This chapter examines the conceptualization of adaptation to cc research and practices found in the literature, and from a social sciences perspective, revisits the imprint of ClimAdaPT.Local, emphasizing its conceptual and transformational strengths and shortcomings. It is structured in three sections. Section 1, engages in an analysis of the concept of adaptation, followed by a deeper look into adaptation research and practice. Our analysis builds on the fact that there is no homogenous adaptation research tradition (Wise et al. 2014; Pelling 2011). Therefore, we review current adaptation research lines seeking to reveal their respective emphases and limitations. From a first order perspective, adaptation tends to be perceived as the management of coping with cc impacts through solutions to minimize them. This chapter adds to the existing literature by illustrating how adaptation research could play a much larger role in advancing the sustainable development/sustainability agenda.
O campo do ordenamento do território sofreu um impulso nas últimas décadas em Portugal. Ao longo dos anos, diversas ocupações têm competido pelo controlo deste mercado, tirando proveito da falta de regulação. Em 2006, o secretário de... more
O campo do ordenamento do território sofreu um impulso nas últimas décadas em Portugal. Ao longo dos anos, diversas ocupações têm competido pelo controlo deste mercado, tirando proveito da falta de regulação. Em 2006, o secretário de Estado da tutela deu início a um sistema de registo dos coordenadores dos instrumentos de gestão territorial, o SAR, envolvendo todos estes grupos de interesse. A mudança de governante, em 2009, levou à suspensão do processo de concertação, deixando novamente espaço livre para a disputa. Este artigo apresenta este caso de tentativa de regulação profissional, realçando o papel do Estado e os desafios da profissionalização de um saber multidisciplinar.
Private protected areas (PPAs) are considered a promising governance conservation tool to complement public-run protected areas. Despite their promotion in national and international environmental agendas and increased adoption worldwide,... more
Private protected areas (PPAs) are considered a promising governance conservation tool to complement public-run protected areas. Despite their promotion in national and international environmental agendas and increased adoption worldwide, there has been little research on the overarching implications of their implementation. This paper introduces a framework to explore the suitability of the institutional arrangements of PPAs to enhance nature conservation whilst meeting societal needs. To do so, we draw on the literature on socio-ecological systems incorporating insights from critical perspectives on agency and power. The resulting conceptual approach pinpoints the interplays between the ecological and social systems, providing a systemic perspective which underpins an interdisciplinary diagnostic framework. This draws on the concepts of social and ecological fit and integrates contributions from the literature on good governance; fine-tuning good governance principles to suit PPAs. We outline a multi-tiered tool for assessing PPAs. This is a first step to comprehensively addressing the match of PPAs' institutional models with the ecological and social dimensions of complex systems.
Research Interests:
Entende-se que é possível sistematizar a quase totalidade dos debates existentes sobre a avaliação de políticas públicas em torno de cinco questões-chave: (i) porquê avaliar? (ii) o que avaliar? (iii) como avaliar? (iv) quem avalia? e (v)... more
Entende-se que é possível sistematizar a quase totalidade dos debates existentes sobre a avaliação de políticas públicas em torno de cinco questões-chave: (i) porquê avaliar? (ii) o que avaliar? (iii) como avaliar? (iv) quem avalia? e (v) o que fazer com os resultados da avaliação? Este texto incide sobre a última questão. Não numa perspectiva técnica, i.e. a forma como os resultados de um exercício de avaliação podem ser utilizados na redefinição de uma política pública, mas política, i.e. do uso, ou não, da avaliação enquanto instrumento de validação e legitimação de uma política pública. Recorre-se ao caso do ordenamento do território para ilustrar o argumento apresentado.
EU spatial policy upholds the need to proactively counterbalance the negative effects of increased inter-European competitiveness brought about by the 'single market' and globalisation. As global economic... more
EU spatial policy upholds the need to proactively counterbalance the negative effects of increased inter-European competitiveness brought about by the 'single market' and globalisation. As global economic integration continues to create interdependencies among nations and ...
"A evolução das políticas públicas em Portugal encontra-se sob forte pressão reformadora. Não é de todo novo o debate sobre a redefinição e redimensionamento da administração pública, sua arquitectura institucional, fórmula de... more
"A evolução das políticas públicas em Portugal encontra-se sob forte pressão reformadora. Não é de todo novo o debate sobre a redefinição e redimensionamento da administração pública, sua arquitectura institucional, fórmula de financiamento, afectação e qualificação de recursos humanos pelas suas diferentes áreas de acção, etc. Menos mas melhor Estado, costuma ser a expressão de origem incerta que tende a estar associada a este debate. Se o melhor será um objectivo que arrasta por inerência inegável consenso, já o menos não traduz, de todo, o desequilíbrio funcional que existe entre diferentes áreas de intervenção do Estado. Se é possível argumentar de forma sustentada que em determinados sectores é desejável que haja menos Estado noutros é imperativo, numa lógica de sustentabilidade funcional da administração pública, que o haja mais. Em suma, independentemente da centralidade que a reforma da administração pública detém no debate político e na acção governativa, o facto incontornável é que a sustentabilidade funcional e financeira do Estado permanece por alcançar.
Contudo, o actual contexto de volatilidade socioeconómica e em particular o conjunto de imposições externas fortemente condicionadoras da acção governativa veio (re)forçar a urgência da redefinição e redimensionamento da administração pública adicionando ao processo todo um novo conjunto de constrangimentos. Estes são, sobretudo, de natureza financeira, resultado da restrição orçamental que condicionará a despesa pública provavelmente até ao final da presente década. Mas ocorrem também ao nível da gestão do calendário das reformas a efectuar. Fruto das condições do acordo estabelecido com os credores externos, o Governo está fortemente limitado em termos da liberdade de calendarização das medidas necessárias à reconfiguração da administração pública aumentando inequivocamente a dificuldade da gestão da reforma a efectuar. Consequentemente, é legítimo argumentar que embora esta urgência reformadora seja potencialmente positiva pela quebra de inércia política que provoca não é líquido que seja benéfica no que se refere ao modo como essa reforma se irá materializar e aos seus resultados finais.
Em suma, tempo e dinheiro são dois condicionalismos incontornáveis na presente dinâmica de reforma do Estado. Mas não só. Outros factores condicionam a mudança aqui discutida. E um deles, central ao argumento de suporte a este texto, é a questão da confiança. E aqui refiro-me à confiança entre cidadãos, as instituições do Estado e os decisores políticos. Uma das vertentes da crise que Portugal atravessa presentemente consiste na crescente descredibilização social da capacidade técnica e política do Estado em assegurar a sustentabilidade da gestão da coisa pública.
Assim, a já tradicionalmente frágil relação de confiança entre cidadão e Estado enfrenta todo um novo conjunto de desafios. Entre estes salienta-se o desafio da transparência e justificação ao nível da decisão política e o desafio da capacitação, adaptação e aprendizagem das instituições no processo de desenho e implementação das políticas públicas face a um cenário político-institucional particularmente instável. E é aqui que se situa a questão de partida da reflexão critica que dá corpo a este texto. Como é possível, se de facto o é, condicionar positivamente a evolução da relação de confiança entre cidadão e o Estado? E a premissa de base que neste texto se irá explorar é que os processos de avaliação de políticas públicas, tantas vezes politicamente subalternizados, são uma ferramenta fundamental no processo de mitigação desse deficit de confiança existente.
Tendo como base a análise documental e entrevistas exploratórias realizadas na primeira fase do projecto Rethinking public institutions and governance solutions in a shifting public policy environment: The case of Planning in Portugal a decorrer no ICS-UL, e recorrendo ao caso da política do ordenamento do território, explorar-se-á a premissa acima apresentada, dividindo o presente texto em duas secções principais. A primeira secção justificará o enfoque na avaliação como peça fundamental no influenciar da relação de confiança entre cidadão e Estado. A segunda secção ilustrará de forma sucinta o status quo evolutivo da avaliação na política de ordenamento do território e fará uma análise critica à mesma não numa perspectiva técnica, i.e. as metodologias de suporte ao exercício de avaliação, mas de um ponto de vista político, i.e. o uso que se dá à avaliação enquanto instrumento de validação e legitimação de uma política pública.
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Sísifo, desafiou os deuses e por tal foi condenado a indefinidamente empurrar uma pedra até ao topo da montanha, só para a ver rolar para baixo novamente. Independentemente da falta de sentido que vê na sua tarefa, Sísifo repete-a... more
Sísifo, desafiou os deuses e por tal foi condenado a indefinidamente empurrar uma pedra até ao topo da montanha, só para a ver rolar para baixo novamente. Independentemente da falta de sentido que vê na sua tarefa, Sísifo repete-a incessantemente dia após dia. No presente texto, o lugar de Sísifo é tomado pela administração pública portuguesa, que empurra do sopé (teoria) da montanha da mudança de cultura institucional a pedra da coordenação e cooperação só para a ver cair mal se atinge o cume (prática). Incessantemente. Neste texto vamos explorar esta ideia com base no atual contexto de crise, nalgumas premissas chave da sua dinâmica de evolução e no desafio à adaptação e mudança de cultura institucional que a figura do contrato-parceria, central ao futuro Quadro Estratégico Comunitário 2014-2020 (QEC), representa.
From within the European Union integration project, a shared spatial development agenda has emerged. From the beginning of the European Spatial Development Perspective process in 1989, to the post-enlargement Territorial Agenda of 2007,... more
From within the European Union integration project, a shared spatial development agenda has emerged. From the beginning of the European Spatial Development Perspective process in 1989, to the post-enlargement Territorial Agenda of 2007, in a non-binding policy context of inexistent formal competencies, member states agreed on a shared vision, spatial development objectives and planning principles for the EU territory. This catalysed the institutionalisation of European Spatial Planning. Fuelled by processes of socialization framed within a platform for common policy learning the latter produced an undeniable cultural footprint. Growing attention has been given to the impact that this process has had on domestic planning systems and institutions among member states. This impact is widely referred to as the Europeanisation of planning.
This thesis examines the Portuguese national spatial planning policy programme under the light of the hypothetical causal relationship between the Europeanisation of planning and institutional culture change in Portugal. As evidence mounts of innovation in policy discourse, conceptual paradigms, legal framework and practices, the research focus shifts to the domestic drivers, mechanisms, key actors and their motivations, enabling factors and obstacles to culture change. The outcome is a portrait of the contemporary challenges faced by planning in Portugal. The latter highlights the fragilities of the planning-related policy learning dynamics, capacity-building processes, inter-institutional coordination deficit and structural shortcomings in terms of the communicational capacity and the adaptational ability of institutions and practitioners in an evolving public policy context. Finally, although a policy-steered process, planning culture change in Portugal, if to prevail, depends on the mobilization of the community of planners. Through a communicative power framework they must work alongside central and local government and citizens in an inclusive spirit of mutual learning and partnership. For a culture change in planning to have any effect in shaping places, it must first shape minds.
Sponsor: Portuguese Economic and Social Council (CES) Project: Functional regions, Rural-Urban Relationships and Post 2103 Cohesion Policy web: http://observa.ics.ul.pt/assets/media/2012_ICS_CES_relatorio.pdf Functional regions have... more
Sponsor: Portuguese Economic and Social Council (CES)
Project: Functional regions, Rural-Urban Relationships and Post 2103 Cohesion Policy
web: http://observa.ics.ul.pt/assets/media/2012_ICS_CES_relatorio.pdf

Functional regions have earned a growing relevance in EU documents and proposed regulations for the EU financial framework for 2014-2020. In fact, the European Commission proposals for the five Funds of the Common Strategic Framework, as well as several other strategic documents, let believe that the concept of functional region may be an important tool in the design and implementation of some instruments of EU cohesion, rural development and even specific sectoral policies in the 2014-2020 financial programming period. The use of functional regions, as a policy tool, brings along a large set of challenges that test the limits of the institutional capital of the territories where they will be implemented. In this paper we will expand on the institutional constraints and capacity gaps that may emerge in the face of the use of functional regions as a policy concept and forward a set of pre-emptive guidelines towards an institutional environment that will better accommodate partnership-based functional policies.
This chapter focuses on the Europeanisation of domestic planning systems and spatial planning policy-making of the European Union member-states in general and of the United Kingdom in particular. The concept of European spatial planning... more
This chapter focuses on the Europeanisation of domestic planning systems and spatial planning policy-making of the European Union member-states in general and of the United Kingdom in particular. The concept of European spatial planning is a unique catalyst of change. A change in the way we perceive and inquire into the multitude of aspects that spatial development within the European Union entails. Previous chapters have illustrated, in their essence, different dimensions of this dynamic of change; Theoretically, Europeanisation, assuming that it is in fact taking place, largely embodies the reactions to such surge of change. Summarily, it can be introduced as ‘a concept stemming from the need to understand the non-linear, evolutive character of European integration processes’. Nonetheless, its impacts are often asymmetrical over space and time. Europeanisation is, ‘to put it somehow crudely, a matter of degree. It also has a dynamic quality: its structural effects are not necessarily permanent or irreversible’ (Featherstone, 2003:4). Consequently, a set of possible research questions arises: What causes Europeanisation? How do we identify it occurring? What impacts can be directly or indirectly associated with it? How homogenous are its impacts within specific territories? The array of EU sectoral policies impacting on spatial development on one hand and the reluctance, to some degree, by Member-states to admit causal relationship between domestic change and EU policy and discourse makes researching Europeanisation no easy chore to undertake. This chapter is structured in two parts. Part I briefly introduces Europeanisation as a conceptual research framework. Part II focus on (1) debating European Spatial Planning as a possible riverbed for Europeanisation (2) performing an overall review on how member-States are reacting throughout the EU territory and (3) by focusing in greater detail on the UK, shedding some light on how such processes take place. Finally some concluding remarks will be forwarded on possible futures for the Europeanisation of domestic spatial planning within the EU.
No âmbito da preparação do futuro Parecer de Iniciativa do CES sobre a “Competitividade das cidades, coesão social e ordenamento do território”, o Conselho contratou a elaboração de 3 estudos, financiados pelo POAT FEDER, a 3... more
No âmbito da preparação do futuro Parecer de Iniciativa do CES sobre a “Competitividade das cidades, coesão social e ordenamento do território”, o Conselho contratou a elaboração de 3 estudos, financiados pelo POAT FEDER, a 3 Universidades. Um destes estudos é o relatório “Regiões funcionais, relações urbano-rurais e política de coesão pós 2013”, ICS-UL.
ABSTRACT The most recent IPCC report confirms that climate change is very likely to increase coastal risks. This means that all vulnerable coasts will be required to adopt innovative adaptation strategies. In countries such as Portugal,... more
ABSTRACT The most recent IPCC report confirms that climate change is very likely to increase coastal risks. This means that all vulnerable coasts will be required to adopt innovative adaptation strategies. In countries such as Portugal, economic austerity may result in reduced funds for rising coastal defence expenditures. Therefore coastal management will have to confront a geomorphological and social process of creative and progressive adaptive governance if future economies and societies are to remain viable and resilient. Social scientists will be heavily involved in this challenging prospect. This was the experience of a three-year research - CHANGE – Changing Coasts, Changing Climate, Changing Communities (2010-2013). The project used climate scenarios for the coming decades to promote a meaningful dialogue between a range of interested parties and coastal managers regarding possible planning and financing options in three different coastal locations in Portugal. The research identified a high awareness across the stakeholder spectrum of coastal risks and climate change. But it also discovered a dominant feeling of hopelessness towards future solutions for coastal protection and funding. Furthermore, all previous attempts by coastal managers to engage stakeholders are widely perceived to be failures. These critical gaps in prognoses, action and communication have been analysed in a set of interactive workshops. Representatives from regional government and municipalities, private companies, universities, fishermen, among others, met together to discuss science and communication; social and economic impacts; public participation; financing and adaptation solutions. The presence of the team, coupled a detailed public opinion survey at each location, demonstrably raised awareness on coastal change and sowed the seeds for creating an inclusive coastal forum, engaging local stakeholders in the mission of spreading the adaptation message. The research paper will sum up the results of the CHANGE process, aiming to offer a contribution towards new models of adaptive coastal governance.
Apoiar o desenvolvimento de novas políticas de gestão florestal direcionadas para a redução do risco de incêndio implica conhecer e analisar criticamente o passado e presente enquadramento de política pública desta problemática. Este... more
Apoiar o desenvolvimento de novas políticas de gestão florestal direcionadas para a redução do risco de incêndio implica conhecer e analisar criticamente o passado e presente enquadramento de política pública desta problemática. Este policy review representa uma súmula desta análise.